PPI - pixels per inch. How many resolutions are in a given area, so when creating work for print it is 300 but when for screen pieces such as web it is 72.
Colour mode -
CMYK is predominately used for printing
RGB is used for screen
Bleed - the area outside of the document where the printer would cut. Usually if you wanted to print exactly A3 then you would print on a bigger page and allow for a bleed because the printer would have to allow for the rollers to push the paper through. This is mainly used in commercial printing. 3mm is a usual bleed size.
Illustrator gives you a dark grey space around the white page to experiment in and then put the final in the white box. All of the document gets saved but if print is clicked only the bit in the white box is printed.
The image above I have found really useful because it shows all the shortcuts to Illustrator.
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